The Law Handbook 2024

Chapter 5.3: Understanding bankruptcy 367 • a personal insolvency agreement under Part X, discussed below; and • bankruptcy. There is a summary comparison of insolvency options under the Bankruptcy Act at the end of this chapter, based on AFSA’s document ‘Compare your insolvency options’ at www.afsa.gov.au/i-cant-pay- my-debts/compare-your-insolvency-options . Who can be made bankrupt? Can companies or businesses be bankrupted? Only people can be made bankrupt, not businesses or companies. Where a partnership or persons trading under a business name are insolvent, it is not the business that is bankrupted but the individual or individuals who run that business. The Bankruptcy Act (s 7) does not cover companies and instead the winding up of companies is regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under the Corporations Act. Can minors be bankrupted? A person younger than 18 can be made bankrupt (s 7(1A) Bankruptcy Act), but not if the debts that trigger the bankruptcy are unenforceable under contract law due to the person’s age (incapacity to contract). Can citizens of other countries be bankrupted? Debtors who are not Australian citizens or residents can become bankrupt if they live in Australia or have a business connection with Australia (for more details on what kind of business connection is required, see ss 7(1), 43 Bankruptcy Act). Who administers the bankruptcy law? Bankruptcy laws and the Personal Property Securities Register are managed by the Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA). The Bankruptcy Act is a Commonwealth Act that applies in all states and territories. The relevant courts are the Federal Court and the Federal Circuit and Family Court (s 27 Bankruptcy Act). The Family Court also has jurisdiction under the Bankruptcy Act where the trustee is a party to family law property or spousal maintenance proceedings. Both the Federal Court and the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia can transfer proceedings to the Family Court of Western Australia (ss 35, 35A, 35B Bankruptcy Act). The Bankruptcy Act creates the roles of Inspector-General in Bankruptcy, Official Receiver, and Official Trustee in Bankruptcy. AFSA undertakes each of these roles. AFSA is an executive agency in the Attorney-General’s portfolio that manages the application of bankruptcy laws through the delivery of personal insolvency and trustee regulation and enforcement (see ‘Contacts’). When a person becomes bankrupt, all their divisible property vests in (i.e. ownership rights are moved to) the Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (AFSA), which is the trustee for the majority of bankruptcies. Debtors who enter voluntary bankruptcy can nominate a private registered trustee to manage their bankruptcy. Current policy is to give preference to registered trustees over the Official Trustee (AFSA). The trustee can require a bankrupt to provide all financial documents and any other information relevant to the bankruptcy. The trustee can ask the bankrupt to hand over their passport. A trustee in bankruptcy also has the power to: • investigate the conduct and dealings of the bank- rupt and the reason for bankruptcy; and • seize and sell certain assets and distribute the proceeds. AFSA’s website (www.afsa.gov.au) is very useful; it includes legislation, statutory forms, indexable amounts, statistics and comment on recent events. AFSA as trustee versus a private trustee A non-business bankrupt with no assets who has bankrupted via a debtor’s petition usually has AFSA as their trustee rather than a private trustee. Aprivate registered trustee usually becomes trustee at the request of a petitioning creditor or debtor before the debtor becomes bankrupt. In some cases, the creditor can ask for a private registered trustee to replace AFSA as the trustee after the debtor becomes